Goulard, R., Buehlmann, C., Niven, J. E., Graham, P. & Webb, B. A unified mechanism for innate and learned visual landmark guidance in the insect central complex. PLOS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009383 (2021). Dima Suki, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 442, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Nyberg, N., Duvelle, E., Barry, C. & Spiers, H. J. Spatial goal coding in the hippocampal formation. Neuron 110, 394–422 (2022). Pegel, U., Pfeiffer, K., Zittrell, F., Scholtyssek, C. & Homberg, U. Two compasses in the central complex of the locust brain. J. Neurosci. 39, 3070–3080 (2019).

Butterfly Hug Method for Bilateral Stimulation The Butterfly Hug Method for Bilateral Stimulation

Do butterflies have brains? Yes, like other life forms, the butterfly brain is its control center and sends and receives signals throughout the body. Butterflies start off as eggs, develop into caterpillars, and undergo metamorphosis to become butterflies. During this transformation, most parts of the caterpillar's body, including muscle and other cells, are broken down and rebuilt. However, the caterpillar brain cells are reused and adapt to control the butterfly's new parts. Despite the differences found between migratory and non-migratory monarch butterfly populations, the anatomy of the central-complex network in the monarch brain can be expected to be highly similar, even down to single sun compass neurons 33, 79. Differences in the coding of goal directions between the migratory and non-migratory monarch butterflies had been discussed to underly synaptic modifications of the same neurons 25, 37. Such synaptic modifications may explain volumetric differences of some brain regions in migratory and non-migratory monarch butterflies 79. Based on our results from non-migratory monarch butterflies, we predict how the tuning of the same central-complex neurons could be modified to encode long-distance migration in migratory monarch butterflies: Like in all other insects, the monarch butterfly fan-shaped body is compartmentalized into 16 columns 79. We predict that a population of GD neurons, homologous to the ones described in this study, represents the migratory southward direction within the columns of the fan-shaped body 1, 2, 59, similar to how the HD network represents a compass of heading directions across the columns of the ellipsoid body of the central complex 3, 4, 57. By changing the compass polarity through sun displacements, we might have induced a translocation of the HD representation in the butterflies’ ellipsoid body, as it has also been demonstrated in Drosophila 3. Contrastingly, the GD representation was unaffected by compass perturbations 59. Resetting the goal direction through aversive conditioning, however, might have induced a translocation of the GD representation across the columns of the fan-shaped body. We predict that a similar translocation of the GD representation could transform the butterfly’s southward direction into a northward one in migratory monarch butterflies before departing for their remigration in spring 80. As migratory monarch butterflies substantially differ from non-migratory monarch butterflies in terms of endocrinology 68, reproduction 29, longevity 68, metabolism 73, and morphology 74, 81, 82, 83, it is fundamental to test whether these differences may also affect the neural coding of migration in monarch butterflies in the future.Home to thousands of species of butterflies, the forests of central and South America are fluttering with color and pattern. Two of those species are Heliconius cydno and Heliconius melpomene. They’re closely related, but live in different microhabitats: Heliconius cydno lives deep in the forest, while Heliconius melpomene lives on its edges. Scientists think that studying their brains can help us understand how the brain is involved in speciation, or the formation of distinct species through evolution. For behavioral analysis, we computed circular histograms by adding each data point of the optical encoder to the corresponding 10-degree heading bin. The animal’s preferred heading, represented by the mean vector, was computed with the CircStat toolbox in MATLAB. The flight directedness (r) was described with the mean vector strength which ranged between 0 (non-directed) to 1 (highly directed). Distributions of preferred headings of all animals were tested for uniformity with a Rayleigh test and visualized in Oriana (Version 4.01, Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, Wales, UK). Stone, T. et al. An anatomically constrained model for path integration in the bee brain. Curr. Biol. 27, 3069–3085.e11 (2017). At first, the conditioning was lost after the caterpillars transformed into butterflies, but astonishingly, when the training was provided at later stages in the larval cycle, this aversion to ethyl acetate was retained even after the caterpillar had metamorphosized. 77% of such butterflies continued to go down the arm with fresh air when re-introduced to the Y-tube setup after their metamorphosis.

butterfly brain? - Answers What is the size of a butterfly brain? - Answers

Li, Y., Pierce, A. A. & Roode, J. C. D. Variation in forewing size linked to migratory status in monarch butterflies. Anim. Migr. 3, 27–34 (2016).Hulse, B. K. et al. A connectome of the Drosophila central complex reveals network motifs suitable for flexible navigation and context-dependent action selection. Elife 10, 66039 (2021). Beetz, M. J., Kraus, C. & el Jundi, B. Dataset: neural representation of goal direction in the monarch butterfly brain. WueData database https://doi.org/10.58160/92 (2023). Lu, J. et al. Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space. Nature 601, 98–104 (2022).

Glioblastoma brain tumours | The Brain Tumour Charity Glioblastoma brain tumours | The Brain Tumour Charity

Mouritsen, H. Long-distance navigation and magnetoreception in migratory animals. Nature 558, 50–59 (2018). See a GP if you have symptoms of a brain tumour that don't go away. It's unlikely to be a tumour, but it's best to be sure. Types Researchers at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute compared the mushroom body size and behaviors of a tribe of 41 Heliconiini butterfly species. They found that Heliconius mushroom bodies were twice as large as those of their nearest ancestor, the Eueides, and four times as large as their second closest relative, the Dryadula phaetusa. By creating 3D digital models of all the Heliconiini brains, the researchers confirmed they were indeed looking at mushroom body size, and not a decrease in other brain regions.To perturb the butterfly compass, we performed a similar experiment as the one performed in Drosophila 3. However, instead of a vertical bar, we used the virtual sun as reference point of the insect compass. In the presence of the virtual sun, the butterfly flew for 9 min, and we changed the angular position of the sun every 90 s. In 15 experiments we changed the sun position in decreasing steps of 180°, 90°, 45°, 23°, and 15°. For the remaining 17 experiments, we exclusively changed the sun position in relatively large steps of 90° (3 times/experiment) or 180° (2 times/experiment). Preferred headings were measured every 90 s. Measuring tuning directedness (mean vector length) Shine, J. P., Valdés-Herrera, J. P., Tempelmann, C. & Wolbers, T. Evidence for allocentric boundary and goal direction information in the human entorhinal cortex and subiculum. Nat. Commun. 10, 4004 (2019). Daniel P. Cahill, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.