Words for the Heart: A Treasury of Emotions from Classical India

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a b c Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p.1811. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6. Bible Gateway passage: Proverbs 23:7 - New King James Version". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 19 December 2022. There are two types of cells in cardiac muscle: muscle cells which have the ability to contract easily, and pacemaker cells of the conducting system. The muscle cells make up the bulk (99%) of cells in the atria and ventricles. These contractile cells are connected by intercalated discs which allow a rapid response to impulses of action potential from the pacemaker cells. The intercalated discs allow the cells to act as a syncytium and enable the contractions that pump blood through the heart and into the major arteries. [7] The pacemaker cells make up 1% of cells and form the conduction system of the heart. They are generally much smaller than the contractile cells and have few myofibrils which gives them limited contractibility. Their function is similar in many respects to neurons. [7] Cardiac muscle tissue has autorhythmicity, the unique ability to initiate a cardiac action potential at a fixed rate—spreading the impulse rapidly from cell to cell to trigger the contraction of the entire heart. [7]

University of Minnesota. "Papillary Muscles". Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016. Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body – 6. Surface Markings of the Thorax". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 18 October 2010. Small lymphatic networks called plexuses exist beneath each of the three layers of the heart. These networks collect into a main left and a main right trunk, which travel up the groove between the ventricles that exists on the heart's surface, receiving smaller vessels as they travel up. These vessels then travel into the atrioventricular groove, and receive a third vessel which drains the section of the left ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. The left vessel joins with this third vessel, and travels along the pulmonary artery and left atrium, ending in the inferior tracheobronchial node. The right vessel travels along the right atrium and the part of the right ventricle sitting on the diaphragm. It usually then travels in front of the ascending aorta and then ends in a brachiocephalic node. [34] Nerve supply Autonomic innervation of the heart J., Tortora, Gerard (2009). Principles of human anatomy. Nielsen, Mark T. (Mark Thomas) (11thed.). Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-78931-4. OCLC 213300667. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)In addition to using medications, narrowed heart arteries can be treated by expanding the narrowings or redirecting the flow of blood to bypass an obstruction. This may be performed using a percutaneous coronary intervention, during which narrowings can be expanded by passing small balloon-tipped wires into the coronary arteries, inflating the balloon to expand the narrowing, and sometimes leaving behind a metal scaffold known as a stent to keep the artery open. [89] The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus. [20] There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage. [21] The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. [6] The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus. [20] But whatever [word] comes out of the mouth comes from the heart, and this is what defiles and dishonors the man.

a b Ostrander, Gary Kent (2000). The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. pp.154–155. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Colville, Thomas P.; Bassert, Joanna M. (2015). Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. Elsevier Health Sciences. p.547. ISBN 978-0-323-35620-6. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Murray, Tom Devonshire Jones; Linda Murray; Peter (2013). "Heart". The Oxford dictionary of christian art and architecture (Seconded.). Corby: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-968027-6. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) An important part of the concept of the soul in Ancient Egyptian religion was thought to be the heart, or ib. The ib or metaphysical heart was believed to be formed from one drop of blood from the child's mother's heart, taken at conception. [109] To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of emotion, thought, will, and intention. This is evidenced by Egyptian expressions which incorporate the word ib, such as Awi-ib for "happy" (literally, "long of heart"), Xak-ib for "estranged" (literally, "truncated of heart"). [110] In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. The heart was therefore not removed from the body during mummification, and was believed to be the center of intelligence and feeling, and needed in the afterlife. [111] It was thought that the heart was examined by Anubis and a variety of deities during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of Maat, which symbolized the ideal standard of behavior. If the scales balanced, it meant the heart's possessor had lived a just life and could enter the afterlife; if the heart was heavier, it would be devoured by the monster Ammit. [112]Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov . Retrieved 19 November 2022. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart, but the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects deoxygenated blood from the body through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action will take place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus, which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery). [145] The heart is a muscular organ in most animals. This organ pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. [1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs. [2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest, called the mediastinum. [3] Animal hearts are widely consumed as food. As they are almost entirely muscle, they are high in protein. They are often included in dishes with other offal, for example in the pan-Ottoman kokoretsi. arrhythmia (say: uh -RITH-mee-uh) : An arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat usually caused by an electrical "short circuit" in the heart. It can cause the heart to pump too fast, too slow, or irregularly, which may lead to shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain.