Cuttlefish adjust their camouflage depending on light intensity. In extremely low light (<0.001 lux) cuttlefish do not camouflage but instead retract their dermal chromophores and choose a pale appearance, suggesting a low energy response (Buresch et al., 2015). Under high light intensity camouflage is increased with more energy consumption. A danger of the increase in an extended period of illumination is that more energy will have to be prioritised for camouflage and not other processes such as growth or reproduction (Buresch et al., 2015). Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Durfort, M., López-Bejar, M., Lombarte, A., van der Schaar, M. & André, M., 2013. Does exposure to noise from human activities compromise sensory information from cephalopod statocysts? Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 95, 160-181.

du Sel, G.P. & Daguzan, J., 1997. A note on sex ratio, length and diet of a population of cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) sampled by three fishing methods. Fisheries Research, 32(2), 191-195.

Specifications

Sensitivity assessment. The species has well-developed eyes so can detect movement sufficiently well to be susceptible to visual disturbance. However, the species will swim away or hide when any presence threatens, therefore,recovery is immediate. Visual cues may cause a behavioural response but due to the mobility of the species, the pressure is unlikely to cause mortality or interfere with reproduction. Hence, resistance is ‘ High’, resilience is ‘ High’, and the species is likely to be ‘ Not sensitive’. Bedore, C.N., Kajiura, S.M. & Johnsen, S., 2015. Freezing behaviour facilitates bioelectric crypsis in cuttlefish faced with predation risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282:20151886 Environmental Records Information Centre North East, 2018.ERIC NE Combined dataset to 2017. Occurrence dataset: http://www.ericnortheast.org.ukl accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-09-38

Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 2018. Mollusc (marine) data for Great Britain and Ireland - restricted access. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/4bsawx accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25. Benchmark. A decrease in one MNCR salinity category above the usual range of the biotope or habitat. Further detail Palmegiano, G.B. & D'Apote, M.P., 1983. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis L.) hatching. Aquaculture, 35, 259-264. Von Boletzky, S., 1974. Effets de la sous-nutrition prolongée sur le développement de la coquille de Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 99, 667-673.Cronin, E.R. & Seymour, R.S., 2000. Respiration of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish Sepia apama. Marine Biology, 136, 863-870. Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E., 1997. The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Belfast: Ulster Museum. [Ulster Museum publication, no. 276.] In the Ria Formosa, Portugal, water temperature reaches 27°C in the summer Lagoon system. The observed number of Sepia officinalis infers they can survive high water temperatures (Domingues et al., 2002). Water temperature reached 30°C during the hottest day but no mortality was recorded. However, as temperatures rose in the Cíes Islands, Spain, the probability of finding eggs decreased. Instead, individuals in the Mediterranean prefer a spawning temperature of 12.5 – 14.75°C, similar to that of peak spawning in the English Channel (Guerra et al., 2016b).

In the Mersin province, Turkey, 10g of Sepia officinalis were caught as by-catch using one trawl from September 2004 to April 2005. The target fish were; mullet, goatfish and shrimp (Atar & Malal, 2010). In Algarve (southern Portugal), Sepia officinalis are occasionally caught in tuna traps (Neves dos Santos et al., 2002). Many eggs are laid on cuttletraps during spawning periods. When removed from water fishermen are not interested in collecting the eggs. Instead, they are usually left on the pontoon until further use resulting in either mortality or significant damage (Blanc & Daguzan, 1998). Gauvrit, E., Goff, R.L. & Daguzan, J., 1997. Reproductive cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (l.) in the northern part of the bay of biscay. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63, 19-28. This model was tested in Cura 3.4.1 and printed on an Ultimaker 2 in PLA material.Below you can find printing recommendations for Cura and Simplify3D softwares. Cura printing recommendations: Johansen, K., Brix, O., Kornerup, S. & Lykkeboe, G., 1982. Factors affecting oxygen uptake in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62, 187-191.Tonkins, B.M., Tyers, A.M. & Cooke, G.M., 2015. Cuttlefish in captivity: an investigation into housing and husbandry for improving welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 168, 77-83. Sensitivity assessment. Sepia officinalis appears to be adapted to survivein a dissolved oxygen concentration of 16.28mg/l by reducing their oxygen consumption or moving away from the area. This, however, is higher than the benchmark of 2 mg/l for this pressure. De-oxygenation is thought to affect the development of embryos. Therefore resistance is assessed as ‘ Medium’ due to the potential effect on recruitment. Resilience is probably ‘ Medium’ and sensitivity is, therefore ‘ Medium’. Camouflage ability.One of the primary defence mechanisms against potential predators is to camouflage and stay hidden. Sepia officinalis, amongst other cephalopod species, are able to undergo countershading. This behaviour means that if an individual is rotated 90 degrees their chromophores expand and contract accordingly to make sure the underside of the body is now the colour of the upper half and vice versa. This allows the cuttlefish to remain camouflaged and prevents it from being conspicuous (Ferguson et al., 1994). Cuttlefish are able to scale the intensity of their body patterning depending on the light intensity surrounding them. This is thought to allow them to conserve energy (Buresch et al., 2015). In extremely low light conditions Sepia officinalis does not appear to camouflage to the substratum (Buresch et al., 2015). Blanc, A., du Sel, G.P. & Daguzan, J., 1999. Relationships between length of prey/predator for the most important prey of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Malacologia, 41(1), 139-145. In the English Channel, water temperaturesare known to get as low as 4°C in coastal areas (CEFAS, 2010, cited in Bloor et al., 2013). A decrease in water temperature was directly correlated with the offshore migration of Sepia officinalis during winter months (Wang et al., 2003). In the Adriatic Sea, where temperatures rarely fall beneath 12°C, no seasonal migration has been observed (Wolfram et al., 2006). Individuals also reach sexual maturity later in colder waters (Boletzky, 1983), with a preferred spawning temperature of 9.5 – 20°C (Paulij et al., 1990).