Super Cool Creations Lightning Bolt Mirrors - 35cm x 25cm

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Dash, J G; Wettlaufer, J S (January 1, 2003). "The surface physics of ice in thunderstorms". Canadian Journal of Physics. 81 (1–2): 201–207. Bibcode: 2003CaJPh..81..201D. doi: 10.1139/P03-011. Yair, Yoav; Aviv, Reuven; Ravid, Gilad; Yaniv, Roy; Ziv, Baruch; Price, Colin (2006). "Evidence for synchronicity of lightning activity in networks of spatially remote thunderstorms". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 68 (12): 1401–1415. Bibcode: 2006JASTP..68.1401Y. doi: 10.1016/j.jastp.2006.05.012. Under the circumstances, he was anything but discredited in finishing ninth to impressive winner Katchit. If the volcanic ash plume rises to freezing temperatures, ice particles form and collide with ash particles to cause electrification. Lightning can be detected in any explosion but the causation of additional electrification from ice particles in ash can lead to a stronger electrical field and a higher rate of detectable lightning. Lightning is also used as a volcano monitoring tool for detecting hazardous eruptions. [125] Fire lightning Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning is either positive or negative, as defined by the direction of the conventional electric current between cloud and ground. Most CG lightning is negative, meaning that a negative charge is transferred to ground and electrons travel downward along the lightning channel (conventionally the current flows from the ground to the cloud). The reverse happens in a positive CG flash, where electrons travel upward along the lightning channel and a positive charge is transferred to the ground (conventionally the current flows from the cloud to the ground). Positive lightning is less common than negative lightning, and on average makes up less than 5% of all lightning strikes. [73] A bolt from the blue lightning strike which appears to initiate from the clear, but the turbulent sky above the anvil cloud and drive a bolt of plasma through the cloud directly to the ground. They are commonly referred to as positive flashes, despite the fact that they are usually negative in polarity.

Kasemir, H. W. (1950) "Qualitative Übersicht über Potential-, Feld- und Ladungsverhaltnisse Bei einer Blitzentladung in der Gewitterwolke" (Qualitative survey of the potential, field and charge conditions during a lightning discharge in the thunderstorm cloud) in Das Gewitter (The Thunderstorm), H. Israel, ed., Leipzig, Germany: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft. Heat lightning is a lightning flash that appears to produce no discernible thunder because it occurs too far away for the thunder to be heard. The sound waves dissipate before they reach the observer. [94] Intense forest fires, such as those seen in the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, can create their own weather systems that can produce lightning and other weather phenomena. [126] Intense heat from a fire causes air to rapidly rise within the smoke plume, causing the formation of pyrocumulonimbus clouds. Cooler air is drawn in by this turbulent, rising air, helping to cool the plume. The rising plume is further cooled by the lower atmospheric pressure at high altitude, allowing the moisture in it to condense into cloud. Pyrocumulonimbus clouds form in an unstable atmosphere. These weather systems can produce dry lightning, fire tornadoes, intense winds, and dirty hail. [126] Extraterrestrial Sympathetic lightning is the tendency of lightning to be loosely coordinated across long distances. Discharges can appear in clusters when viewed from space. [102] [103] [104] [ clarification needed] And the chestnut once more ran a fair race when fifth to Alan King's leading juvenile at Aintree's Grand National fixture the following month.Idone, V. P.; Orville, R. E.; Mach, D. M.; Rust, W. D. (1987). "The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke". Geophysical Research Letters. 14 (11): 1150. Bibcode: 1987GeoRL..14.1150I. doi: 10.1029/GL014i011p01150.

a b Lu, Gaopeng; Cummer, Steven A; Blakeslee, Richard J; Weiss, Stephanie; Beasley, William H (2012). "Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D4): n/a. Bibcode: 2012JGRD..117.4212L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.9842. doi: 10.1029/2011JD016890. Dash, J. G.; Mason, B. L.; Wettlaufer, J. S. (September 16, 2001). "Theory of charge and mass transfer in ice-ice collisions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106 (D17): 20395–20402. Bibcode: 2001JGR...10620395D. doi: 10.1029/2001JD900109.

UK weather: Rain radar warns Brits to be hit by 'torrential downpours' and thunderstorms

Prostak, Sergio (April 11, 2013). "Scientists Explain Invisible 'Dark Lightning' ". Sci-News.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013 . Retrieved July 9, 2013. Effects on buildings and vehicles Strokes of cloud-to-ground lightning during a thunderstorm in the town of Oradea. Sheet lightning is cloud-to-cloud lightning that exhibits a diffuse brightening of the surface of a cloud, caused by the actual discharge path being hidden or too far away. The lightning itself cannot be seen by the spectator, so it appears as only a flash, or a sheet of light. The lightning may be too far away to discern individual flashes. We are in a precarious situation. There are a lot of negative comments about and they hurt. But some of the people saying things are looking for us to fail." While Jeff Mays believed that the answer to the mystery was more mundane that alien: "I watched the whole episode from Abbeymead and observed an aircraft fly left and right along the cloud, and it also flew towards and away from the cloud. I assume it was the Met Office aircraft probing the unusual weather feature."

Airplane contrails have also been observed to influence lightning to a small degree. The water vapor-dense contrails of airplanes may provide a lower resistance pathway through the atmosphere having some influence upon the establishment of an ionic pathway for a lightning flash to follow. [131] Turman, B. N. (1977). "Detection of lightning superbolts". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (18): 2566–2568. Bibcode: 1977JGR....82.2566T. doi: 10.1029/JC082i018p02566. a b Krehbiel, Paul R; Riousset, Jeremy A; Pasko, Victor P; Thomas, Ronald J; Rison, William; Stanley, Mark A; Edens, Harald E (2008). "Upward electrical discharges fromthunderstorms". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 233. Bibcode: 2008NatGe...1..233K. doi: 10.1038/ngeo162. S2CID 8753629.

Guia Pastorini, a project engineering manager at aerospace company Leonardo which built the equipment used to get the images, said: "The Lightning Imager has four cameras, and each one can capture 1,000 images per second, day and night, detecting even a single lightning bolt faster than the blink of an eye. An electron is not stable in liquid water with respect to a hydroxide ion plus dissolved hydrogen for the time scales involved in thunder storms. [21] Randall Cerveny; etal. (WMO panel) (February 1, 2022), "New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance (768 km) and Duration (17.01 seconds) Recorded from Space", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1, hdl: 2117/369605, S2CID 246358397 Saba, Marcelo M. F; Schulz, Wolfgang; Warner, Tom A; Campos, Leandro Z. S; Schumann, Carina; Krider, E. Philip; Cummins, Kenneth L; Orville, Richard E (2010). "High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D24): D24201. Bibcode: 2010JGRD..11524201S. doi: 10.1029/2010JD014330. S2CID 129809543. Three primary types of lightning are defined by the "starting" and "ending" points of a flash channel.