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In Depth: Pluto". NASA Science: Solar System Exploration. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022. Snodgrass, Colin; Agarwal, Jessica; Combi, Michael; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Guilbert-Lepoutre, Aurelie; Hsieh, Henry H.; Hui, Man-To; Jehin, Emmanuel; Kelley, Michael S. P.; Knight, Matthew M.; Opitom, Cyrielle (November 2017). "The Main Belt Comets and ice in the Solar System". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 25 (1): 5. arXiv: 1709.05549. Bibcode: 2017A&ARv..25....5S. doi: 10.1007/s00159-017-0104-7. ISSN 0935-4956. S2CID 7683815. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022. Barucci, M. A.; Kruikshank, D. P.; Mottola, S.; Lazzarin, M. (2002). "Physical Properties of Trojan and Centaur Asteroids". Asteroids III. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp.273–287.

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Palmer, Jason (6 February 2013). "Exoplanets near red dwarfs suggest another Earth nearer". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022. The Sun is composed of roughly 98% hydrogen and helium, [46] as are Jupiter and Saturn. [47] [48] A composition gradient exists in the Solar System, created by heat and light pressure from the early Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points. [49] The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could coalesce is known as the frost line, and it lies at roughly five times the Earth's distance from the Sun. [3]Petit, J.-M.; Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J. (2001). "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt" (PDF). Icarus. 153 (2): 338–347. Bibcode: 2001Icar..153..338P. doi: 10.1006/icar.2001.6702. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 March 2007. Pluto and the Developing Landscape of Our Solar System". International Astronomical Union. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2022.

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Charon, the largest of Pluto's moons, is sometimes described as part of a binary system with Pluto, as the two bodies orbit a barycenter of gravity above their surfaces (i.e. they appear to "orbit each other"). Beyond Charon, four much smaller moons, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra, orbit Pluto. [163] Others Besides solar energy, the primary characteristic of the Solar System enabling the presence of life is the heliosphere and planetary magnetic fields (for those planets that have them). These magnetic fields partially shield the Solar System from high-energy interstellar particles called cosmic rays. The density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field change on very long timescales, so the level of cosmic-ray penetration in the Solar System varies, though by how much is unknown. [73]

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a b Tegler, Stephen C. (2007). "Kuiper Belt Objects: Physical Studies". In Lucy-Ann McFadden; etal. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Solar System. p. 605–620. ISBN 978-0120885893. The dwarf planet Pluto (with an average orbit of 39AU (5.8billionkm; 3.6billionmi) from the Sun) is the largest known object in the Kuiper belt. When discovered in 1930, it was considered to be the ninth planet; this changed in 2006 with the adoption of a formal definition of planet. Pluto has a relatively eccentric orbit inclined 17 degrees to the ecliptic plane and ranging from 29.7AU (4.44billionkm; 2.76billionmi) from the Sun at perihelion (within the orbit of Neptune) to 49.5AU (7.41billionkm; 4.60billionmi) at aphelion. Pluto has a 2:3 resonance with Neptune, meaning that Pluto orbits twice round the Sun for every three Neptunian orbits. Kuiper belt objects whose orbits share this resonance are called plutinos. [162] Stern, Alan (February 2015). "Journey to the Solar System's Third Zone". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018 . Retrieved 26 October 2018. If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330ft), then the Sun would be about 3cm (1.2in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3mm (0.12in), and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3mm or 0.012in) at this scale. [63] Interplanetary environment The zodiacal light, caused by interplanetary dust What Color is the Sun?". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016.

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The outermost layer of the Solar atmosphere is the heliosphere, which permeates much of the Solar planetary system. Along with light, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma) called the solar wind. This stream of particles spreads outwards at speeds from 900,000 kilometres per hour (560,000mph) to 2,880,000 kilometres per hour (1,790,000mph), [64] filling the vacuum between the bodies of the Solar System. The result is a thin, dusty atmosphere, called the interplanetary medium, which extends to at least 100AU (15billionkm; 9.3billionmi). Beyond the heliosphere, large objects remain gravitationally bound to the sun, but the flow of matter in the interstellar medium homogenizes the distribution of micro-scale objects (see §Farthest regions). [65] Pentreath, R. J. (2021). Radioecology: Sources and Consequences of Ionising Radiation in the Environment. Cambridge University Press. pp.94–97. ISBN 978-1009040334. Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 12 April 2022. Braga-Ribas, F.; etal. (April 2014). "A ring system detected around the Centaur (10199) Chariklo". Nature. 508 (7494): 72–75. arXiv: 1409.7259. Bibcode: 2014Natur.508...72B. doi: 10.1038/nature13155. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24670644. S2CID 4467484.NEO Basics – Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)". CNEOS NASA/JPL. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 . Retrieved 10 March 2022. Standish, E. M. (April 2005). "The Astronomical Unit now". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 2004: 163–179. Bibcode: 2005tvnv.conf..163S. doi: 10.1017/S1743921305001365. S2CID 55944238. Peplow, Mark (6 May 2004). "How Mars got its rust". Nature: news040503–6. doi: 10.1038/news040503-6. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 9 April 2022.

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Riley, Pete (2002). "Modeling the heliospheric current sheet: Solar cycle variations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (A7): 1136. Bibcode: 2002JGRA..107.1136R. doi: 10.1029/2001JA000299. Wendel, JoAnna (8 January 2022). "When will the Sun die?". Space.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022. Buie, M. W.; Millis, R. L.; Wasserman, L. H.; Elliot, J. L.; Kern, S. D.; Clancy, K. B.; Chiang, E. I.; Jordan, A. B.; Meech, K. J.; Wagner, R. M.; Trilling, D. E. (2005). "Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 92 (1): 113–124. arXiv: astro-ph/0309251. Bibcode: 2003EM&P...92..113B. doi: 10.1023/B:MOON.0000031930.13823.be. S2CID 14820512. The Solar System lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the Galactic Center. Near the center, gravitational tugs from nearby stars could perturb bodies in the Oort cloud and send many comets into the inner Solar System, producing collisions with potentially catastrophic implications for life on Earth. The intense radiation of the Galactic Center could also interfere with the development of complex life. [232] Stellar flybys that pass within 0.8 light-years of the Sun occur roughly once every 100,000years. The closest well-measured approach was Scholz's Star, which approached to 52 +23 Besides Pluto, astronomers generally agree that at least four other Kuiper belt objects are dwarf planets, [157] though there is some doubt for Orcus, [164] and additional bodies have also been proposed: [165]Williams, David R. (7 September 2006). "Saturn Fact Sheet". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2007. Tours of Model Solar Systems". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2012. See, for example, Office of Space Science (9 July 2004). "Solar System Scale". NASA Educator Features. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 April 2013. a b Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew L. (1989) [1965]. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 1. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0-201-02010-6. OCLC 531535.